Smallwood, John A., and David M. Bird. 2002. “American Kestrel (Falco sparverius).” The Birds of North America, edited by Paul G. Rodewald. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/amekes doi: 10.2173/bna.602