Warkentin, Ian G., Navjot S. Sodhi, Richard H. M. Espie, Alan F. Poole, Lynn W. Oliphant, and Paul C. James. 2005. “Merlin (Falco columbarius).” The Birds of North America, edited by Paul G. Rodewald. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/merlin doi: 10.2173/bna.44