Wiebe, Karen L., and William S. Moore. 2008. “Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus).” The Birds of North America, edited by Paul G. Rodewald. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/norfli doi: 10.2173/bna.166a