Verbeek, Nicolaas A. M., and Carolee Caffrey. 2002. “American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos).” The Birds of North America, edited by Paul G. Rodewald. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/amecro doi: 10.2173/bna.647