Longcore, Jerry R., Daniel G. McAuley, Gary R. Hepp, and Judith M. Rhymer. 2000. “American Black Duck (Anas rubripes).” The Birds of North America, edited by Paul G. Rodewald. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/ambduc doi: 10.2173/bna.481